We know
that the universe is always expanding. The redshift of galaxies is an
evidence for the expansion of the universe.
Using
hubbles law now we could calculate the velocity at which the galaxies
are expanding/moving.
Let
us try hubbles law for Andromeda galaxy.
for
Andromeda galaxy distance= 2.5 x 10^6 light year and
Hubbles
constant is about 68
now
2.5 x 10^6 light year,( to apply in
this equation distance must be in mega parsec. 1 mega parsec is 3.262
million light year and one light year is 1/3.262 million therefore
2.5 x 10^6 is about 0.766 mega parsec)
v=
68 x 0.766 =52.088 km/sec.
Actually
Andromeda galaxy is coming towards milky way due to gravitational
bond in a velocity 301km/sec.
Now let us check about 10 major galaxies.
1. Andromeda and Milky Way
Milky
way
mass:
6 x 10^42 kg
Andromeda
mass:
2 x 10^42 kg
Distance:2.5
x 10^6 ly
now
put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We
get the gravitational force
F=
1.4316 x 10^30
Redshift
of Andromeda is about:-0.001001
actually
it is blueshift.
Radial
velocity is about -301 km/sec
(-ve
sign towards us)
2.Milky Way and IC 1101
IC
1101 is one of the largest galaxy ever found.
mass:
2,500,000 billion solar mass
Distance:1.045
billion ly
now put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We
get the gravitational force
F=
2.04 X 10^30
Red
shift of IC 1101 is about 0.0777
Radial
velocity is 23368 km/sec!
3. Milky way and Triangulum.
Triangulum
galaxy is a well known galaxy
Mass:
5 x 10^10 solar mass
Distance:
2.73 million light year.
now put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We
get the gravitational force
F=
5.9603 x 10^28
Triangulum
has a red shift about : -0.000607(blueshift)
and
a radial velocity about -179 km/sec
4.Milky Way and Centaurus A
Centaurus
A is an another galaxy
Mass:
1000 billion solar mass
Distance:
13.05 million ly
now put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We get the gravitational force
F=
5.255 x 10^28
This
galaxy has a red shift about 0.001826
Radial
velocity : 547 km/sec
5.Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud
It
is one of our satellite galaxy
Mass:10
billion solar mass
Distance:163
kly
now put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We
get the gravitational force
F=3.3678
x 10^30
This
galaxy has a red shift about 0.000875
Radial
velocity : 262.2km/sec.
The
Milky Way has a number of satellite galaxies, but the biggest one
is
the Large
Magellanic Cloud.
It
is around 1/100th the size of the Milky Way.
6.Milky Way and Whirlpool Galaxy
It
is a beautiful galaxy
Mass:160
billion solar mass
Distance:23
million ly
now put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We
get the gravitational force
F=2.7063
x 10^27
This
galaxy has a red shift about 0.001544
Radial
velocity : 463km/sec.
7.Milky Way and Black Eye Galaxy
This
is an another beautiful galaxy
Mass:0.4
billion solar mass
Distance:17.3
million ly
now put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We
get the gravitational force
F=1.19
x 10^25
This
galaxy has a red shift about 0.001361
Radial
velocity : 410 km/sec.
8.Milky Way and Pin Wheel Galaxy
Mass:1000
billion solar mass
Distance:20.87
million ly
now put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We
get the gravitational force
F=2.0543
x 10^28
This
galaxy has a red shift about 0.000804
Radial
velocity : 241km/sec.
9.Milky Way and Messier 100
Mass:200
billion solar mass
Distance:55
million ly
now put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We
get the gravitational force
F=5.91
x 10^26
This
galaxy has a red shift about 0.005251
Radial
velocity : 1570km/sec
10.Milky Way and Sombrero Galaxy
Mass:1
billion solar mass
Distance:29.35
million ly
now put this value on the equation F=GMm/r^2
We
get the gravitational force
F=1.0387
x 10^25
This
galaxy has a red shift about 0.003416
Radial
velocity : 1024km/sec.
I
had take 10 galaxy and i had calculate its gravitational force with
Milky Way Then the order of force is
1.
LMC
(3.3678
x 10^30)
2.
IC 1101 (2.04
X 10^30)
3.
ANDROMEDA (1.4316
x 10^30)
4.
TRIANGULUM (5.9603
x 10^28)
5.
CENTAURUS A (5.255
x 10^28)
6.
PIN WHEEL (2.0543
x 10^28)
7.
WHIRLPOOL (2.7063
x 10^27)
8.
MESSIER 100 (5.91
x 10^26)
9.
SOMBRERO (1.0387
x 10^25)
10.
BLACK EYE (1.19
x 10^25)
| RED SHIFT | BLUE SHIFT |
IC 1101
LMC
CENTAURUS
A
PIN
WHEEL
WHIRLPOOL
MESSIER
100
SOMBRERO
BLACK
EYE |
ANDROMEDA
TRIANGULUM
|
- Irrespective of gravity only Andromeda and Triangulum onlyapproaching towards Milky Way.
Let
us sort them on the basis of distance.
1. Large
megallanic cloud.
2. Andromeda
3. Triangulum
4. Centaurus
A
5. Black
Eye
6. Pin
wheel
7. Whirlpool
8. Sombrero
9. Messier
100
10. IC
1101
From
this we could learn that 2 and 3 are on blueshift. But per the
Wikipedia LMC is on Redshift and all others too on Redshift.
The
attractive force between IC 1101 and Milky Way is about
2.04
x 10^30
The
attractive force between earth and moon is only 3.52
x 10^22
Even
though gravitational force is much higher it is till expanding (going
far) from our milky way. The reason for hubbles law wrong for
Andromeda is due to its gravitational bond with Milky way. But IC
1101 has more strong bond than Andromeda till it going far.
In
my opinion the reason for this may be
- According to super position principle the force acting on a mass due to a group of masses surrounding it is equal to vector sum of forces due to individual mass. Like this more heavier galaxies near IC 1101 may cancel the effect of attraction of milky way. And that total forces of gravitation decide weather it blueshift or redshift.
- Expansion of universe may the continuation of big bang and the infinite energy due to big bang may much greater than gravity and this force may cause for the failure of gravity and expansion of universe with out considering gravity.
- Otherwise the intergalactic medium may contain some unknown matter/energy some time it may be dark energy/dark matter and this could have the capacity to resist gravitational force between galaxies.
- Otherwise gravity may not be an infinite range force.
- Chance for this is very low- our universe may have higher dimensions and actually expanding universe may only an optical illusion for us.
- Sometimes the galaxies are like gas molecules and universe may like a chamber and random movement of this feel like expanding universe.
- There is chance for existence for a new force which may be the fifth fundamental force and might be greater than gravity and this may responsible for the expansion of universe.
- Otherwise as einstein told gravity may be the geometry of space time and all other universal phenomenon is take place be the power of other 3 fundamental forces.
Research and Composed By
Abhinav P Pradeep
Wayanad, Kerala, India
Email:Abhinavppindia@gmail.com
Twitter: Abhinav P Pradeep
(@Abhinavppindia)
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